Irving Wladawsky-Berger

Capitalists and Capitalism

A recent NY Times OpEd by Nicholas Kristof observes that:  “Just as Communists managed to destroy Communism, capitalists are discrediting capitalism.” 

“A Pew Research Center poll in December found that only 50 percent of Americans reacted positively to the term capitalism, while 40 percent reacted negatively.  Among Americans ages 18 to 29, more had a negative view of capitalism than a positive view, the survey found.  Those young Americans actually viewed socialism more positively than capitalism.  In other words, America’s grasping capitalists are turning young Americans into socialists.”

Kristof’s OpEd references a very interesting survey by Edelman, a global public relations firm which has been publishing an annual Trust Barometer for over ten years.  Their 2011 Trust Barometer notes that “Trust Plunges in the United States While Resilient across the Globe.” 

“Trust in business saw a two-point global increase, surging in Brazil, rising in Germany, and holding steady in China and India.  The United States was the outlier, as trust dropped across all institutions - business, government, NGOs, and media.  U.S. trust in business fell by eight points to 46 percent - placing the world’s largest economic power within five points of last-place Russia - and decreased in government by six points to 40 percent, putting the U.S. among the bottom four countries with the least trust in government.  In the Trust composite score, an average of a country’s trust in all four institutions, the U.S. also fell to fourth from the bottom, while three years ago, it was in the top four.”

Over the last few weeks we have heard the term vulture capitalism used in national public debates, not by members of the Occupy Wall Street movement, but by arch-conservative politicians.  Are we seeing the emergence of a New Populism where the people, - whether the Tea Party on the right or Occupy Wall Street on the left, - are rising up against the elites, - the rich and powerful who have gotten the US into such a mess?

Information, Money and Related Subjects

“Money, it is conventional to argue, is a medium of exchange, which has the advantage of eliminating inefficiencies of barter; a unit of account which facilitates valuation and calculation; and a store of value which allows economic transactions to be conducted over long periods as well as geographical distances,” writes Harvard historian Niall Ferguson in The Ascent of Money: a Financial History of the World. 

For a long time, money was embodied in precious metals like gold and silver.  The earliest known gold coins were produced in Lydia, in what is now Western Turkey about 2500 years ago.  But, with the introduction of banknotes in seventh-century China, money started to decouple from physical objects with intrinsic value.

“Today . . . we remain more or less content with paper money - not to mention coins that are literally made from junk,” writes Professor Ferguson.  “ . . . we are happy with money we cannot even see.  Today’s electronic money can be moved from our employer, to our bank account, to our favorite retail outlets without ever physically materializing.  It is this virtual money that now dominates what economists call the money supply . . .The intangible character of most money is perhaps the best evidence of its true nature.”

Given this intangible character of money, it is not surprising that major advances in information technologies have in turn led to major advances in the way we deal with money and payments.  In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, mainframes, minicomputers, data networks, transaction processing and data bases enabled financial innovations like ATMs and credit cards.  Then in the 1990s, the wide adoption of the Internet and World Wide Web led not only to online banking, but paved the way for online shopping and e-commerce in general.

Smart mobile devices, broadband wireless networks, cloud-based services and big data are now ushering the next major phase in the evolution of money and payments.  Money is continuing its centuries old transformation from being embodied in objects with intrinsic value, like gold and silver, to being nothing more than information in the digital wallets of our mobile devices as well as in our digital accounts someplace out there in the cloud. 

Since just about everyone in the world, rich and poor alike, now has access to mobile devices, this major chapter in the history of money brings with it a universal inclusiveness that has been missing in the previous links between information technologies and money.  Mobile digital money is coming, - over time, - to every individual in every corner of the world.

The US Economy in 2012 - Two Big Problems, Two Ready Solutions

What should the US do in 2012 to address its tough economic problems?  We will hear many answers to this question through this presidential election year.  Many will be based on ideological conviction and/or political opportunism.  They will likely not lead to any kind of workable solutions.  But some will be more pragmatic and might perhaps stand a chance.

The January 1 Sunday Business section of the NY Times asked six economists to give their best advice for 2012 on a variety of issues.  Among them was Christina Romer, Professor of Economics at UC Berkeley and former chair of President Obama’s Council of Economic Advisors.  Professor Romer wrote an excellent article, - Two Big Problems, Two Ready Solutions - offering practical advice for the US economy in 2012.

“The United States faces two daunting economic problems: an unsustainable long-run budget deficit and persistent high unemployment,” she writes in the opening paragraph.  “Both demand aggressive action in the form of fiscal policy.  Waiting until after the November elections, as seems likely, would be irresponsible.  It is also unnecessary, since there are plans to address both problems that should command bipartisan support.”

The Emergence of a Digital Money Ecosystem

At the beginning of this year I wrote that the transition to universal mobile digital money is likely to be among the most exciting, important and challenging projects the world will undertake in the coming decades.  Everything I have learned through the year indicates that, while still in the very early stages, the transition is well underway and gathering momentum. 

This transition involves a lot more than the transformation of money - cash, checks, credit and debit cards, and so on, - from physical to digital objects that we will carry in our smart mobile devices.  It encompasses the whole money ecosystem, including the global payment infrastructures, the management of personal identities and personal financial data, the global financial flows among institutions and between institutions and individuals, the government regulatory regimes, and so on.  

In other words, just about every aspect of the world’s economy is involved.  Over time, mobile devices will truly become our personal windows into an increasingly global, digital economy.  This will take decades to fully play out, - historical transitions take their time.  But, it is most definitely underway, with an increasing number of market pilots and research studies already taking place around the world.  

As part of my work with Citi, I have been spending a lot of time thinking about the implications of this historical transition to a digital money ecosystem.  The more I learn about it, the more I am convinced that this is truly a major paradigm shift that will change the very way we think about money.

Open, Collaborative Trust Frameworks

A couple of weeks ago I attended a workshop on Inventing the Future of Finance cosponsored by ID³ and the MIT Media Lab.  ID³, - the Institute for Institutional Innovation by Data Driven Design, - is a new multidisciplinary non-profit institution formed to develop architectural frameworks, open source software and educational content for the protection, sharing and monetization of sensitive data. 

It was founded by MIT Media Lab Professor Alex “Sandy” Pentland, and by John Clippinger, who is currently a Research Scientists at the Media Lab, and until recently was a Senior Fellow at Harvard’s Berkman Center for Internet and Society.  Clippinger is Executive Director and CEO of ID³, while Pentland serves as its Chief Scientist.  I just joined its Board of Directors.

One of the key missions of ID³ is the creation of trust frameworks, which it defines as:  “A combination of software mechanisms, contracts, and rules for defining, governing and enforcing the sharing and protection of information according to a common and independently verifiable standard of performance.  Whenever possible, such governance mechanisms and contracts should be self-executing and self-correcting.”

A Neural, Digital System for the Economy

Most everyone will agree that the world’s economy is undergoing historical structural changes, mostly caused by the digital technology revolution taking place all around us.  In particular, ever since the explosive growth of the Internet in the mid 1990s, we are seeing the emergence of a global, digital economy.  What does this mean?  How can we best describe the nature of this emerging digital economy?  What are some of its key implications for the overall economy?

There is clearly no simple answer to these questions.  But, I recently read one of the clearest and most elegant explanations of the changes our economy is going through in an article in McKinsey Quarterly by economist W. Brian Arthur, - The Second Economy.  Dr. Arthur is external professor at the Santa Fe Institute and visiting researcher at PARC’s Intelligent Systems Lab.

“Digitization is creating a second economy that’s vast, automatic, and invisible - thereby bringing the biggest change since the Industrial Revolution,” he writes at the very beginning of the article.  He illustrates his point with an analogy to the transformation of the US economy by the railroads in the second half of the 19th century.”

Jobs in the Age of Watson

On October 31, I participated in a symposium sponsored by MIT’s Center for Digital Business on The Race Against the Machine: The Future of Technology and Employment.  The symposium was associated with an event that took place later that same day on the Harvard campus, the IBM Watson Challenge.  The Watson Challenge was an exhibition Jeopardy! match between Watson, IBM’s question-answering system, three students from the Harvard Business School and three students from MIT’s Sloan School of Management.  Watson won the exhibition match, with the Harvard team finishing a close second.

At the MIT symposium, I was part of a panel on How will technology affect productivity and employment? The panel was moderated by MIT management professor Erik Brynjolfsson, who is also the director of the Center for Digital Business.  The other panel members were MIT economists David Autor and Frank Levy.  We discussed the impact of technology on jobs, in particular, the impact of advanced systems like Watson which are pushing the boundaries between human and machine capabilities

Digital Technologies for 21st Century Democracy

The Club de Madrid is an independent, non-profit organization of 80 democratic former Presidents and Prime Ministers from 56 different countries founded in 2001.  Its members include Bill Clinton, Mikhail Gorbachev, Felipe Gonzalez and Vicente Fox.

The mission of the Club de Madrid is succinctly captured in its tag line: democracy that delivers.  As described in its website, it constitutes “the world´s largest forum of former Heads of State and Government, who have come together to respond to a growing demand for support among leaders in two key areas: democratic leadership and governance; and response to crisis and post-crisis situations.  Both lines of work share the common goal of addressing the challenge of democratic governance and political conflict as well as that of building functional and inclusive societies, where the leadership experience of our Members is most valuable.”

It holds an annual conference, which this year took place on November 8 and 9 in New York City.  The focus for this year’s conference was Digital Technologies for 21st Century Democracy.  The program was comprised of a number of plenary panels and breakout sessions, each of which included experts from business, government and academia as well as Club de Madrid members.

I was invited to attend the conference, and participate in the opening plenary panel on Digital Technologies and the Future of Governance.  The panel was moderated by Beth Noveck, Professor of Law at the New York Law School, who until recently served in the White House as Deputy Chief Technology Officer and leader of the White House Open Government Initiative.  In addition, Professor Noveck was the conference's overall content advisor and wrote this introductory paper on Evolving Democracy for the 21st Century.

Race Against the Machine

Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee just published an excellent short (sixty pages, less than twenty thousand words) e-book - Race Against the Machine: How The Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy.  Erik Brynjolfsson is a professor at MIT’s Sloan School of Management and director of the MIT Center for Digital Business.  Andy McAfee is Principal Research Scientist at the Center for Digital Business, as well as serving as its associate director.   

“This is a book about how information technologies are affecting jobs, skills, wages, and the economy,” they write in the opening sentence.  There are few more timely and vital subjects.  During the 2007 - 2009 Great Recession, unemployment increased by as much as 5.7%, the largest increase in the post war period. 

But, recessions are always accompanied by job losses.  A more perplexing problem is our jobless recovery since the recession was declared officially over.  The seemingly recovering economy is not putting enough people back to work.  More than two years after the recession officially ended, US unemployment is still over 9 percent.

The Emergence of Cognitive Computing

On October 21 I participate in a Colloquium on the Frontiers of IT at IBM’s Thomas J Watson Research Center.  The colloquium, - which was part of IBM’s Centennial celebration, - brought together experts across industry and academia to discuss and debate the direction of four key Grand Challenges at the very leading edge of IT:  nano systems, exascale, big data, and cognitive computing.

John Kelly, senior VP and director of IBM Research, gave an overview of these four areas.  Here is a similar version of his talk given a week earlier at the University of Melbourne.  John explained that these four areas have the potential to transform the IT industry because of their exponential growth, a result of both continual improvements and disruptive innovations.  “Exponential curves,” he said, “will either put you ahead of the competition of kill you.  It’s one of the other.”

Over the next decade, nano-devices are expected to advance by three orders of magnitude, from a billion to a trillion transistors in a chip.  We will be able to design sophisticated, powerful nano systems-on-a-chip that will be totally contained within such a trillion transistor nano device.  To do so, we will have to shift from silicon to other carbon-based materials.  This requires disruptive technologies and innovations at all levels, including new materials, fabrication processes and design tools.  The work is underway.

Unleashing the Next Age of Prosperity

A few weeks ago I met with Carlota Perez in New York.  I first met Carlota, - a friend so I will refer to her by first name, - around the time of the publication of her 2002 book: Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital:  The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages.  In her book, as well as her many articles and lectures, she frames the turbulent times we are going through into a clear, historical perspective.  Let me briefly summarize her views. 

Over the past couple of centuries, we have had a technology revolution every 40 - 60 years, starting with the Industrial Revolution in 1771, which was characterized by the emergence of machines, factories and canals.  This was followed by the age of steam and coal, iron and railways which started in 1829; steel and heavy engineering (electrical, chemical, civil and naval) starting in 1875; and the age of the automobile in 1908.  Our present information technology and telecommunications age, whose starting point Perez pegs at 1971, is the fifth such major revolution in that span.

Each such technology revolution is composed of two very different periods, each lasting 20 - 30 years.  The installation period is the time of creative destruction, when new technologies emerge from the lab into the marketplace, entrepreneurs start many businesses based on these new technologies, and venture capitalists encourage experimentation with new business models and speculation in new money-making schemes.

We Are All New Immigrants to the Hyperconnected World

Last week I wrote about Think: A Forum on the Future of Leadership, a conference that IBM held in New York on September 20 and 21 as part of its Centennial celebrations.  The THINK Forum included a number of talks and panels which looked at leadership from a number of different angles.

One of the speakers was Tom Friedman, Foreign Affairs columnist for the New York Times and renowned author of a number of books, including The World is Flat.  Tom (whom I know personally and will therefore refer to by his first name) moderated a session on The Importance of Systems Thinking.  He then gave an excellent talk focused on the themes in his new book - That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World It Invented and How We Can Come Back.  The book was co-authored with John Hopkins Professor Michael Mandelbaum.

Tom said that the biggest challenge we all face is that in the last few years we have gone from a world that was connected to a world that is now hyperconnected.  He observed that when he started writing That Used to be Us, he went back and looked at The World is Flat, which he had written in 2004.  In the earlier book he never mentioned Facebook, Twitter, Cloud, LinkedIn, 4G or Skype.  These companies and technologies had not been born or were in their infancy in 2004, yet they are now a major part of our conversations.  In these short number of years, we have moved from a flat to a hyperconnected world.

Leadership and Rational Thinking

As part of its Centennial celebrations, IBM held a conference in New York in September - THINK: A Forum on the Future of Leadership.  The two day THINK Forum brought together leaders from government, business and academia  to discuss the future of leadership from a number of angles, including the changing nature of the corporation, the importance of systems thinking, leading in times of deep structural changes and bringing science to leadership.

After the Forum, I spent some time reflecting on what I had heard in the various talks and panels.  Lots of different opinions and points of views were expressed.  But, I believe that an overriding message kept coming through loud and clear: to make progress in addressing the very complex problems that we all face, we must leverage the power of rational thinking.

Several speakers pointed out that the world is no longer just connected via the Internet, as we have been saying for the past fifteen years.  It is now becoming hyperconnected, given the proliferation of smart mobile devices and sensors all around us.  In such a hyperconnected world, changes now propagate and build on each other faster than ever, rendering just about all private and public institutions increasingly unpredictable and harder to manage.

But, a number of speakers also pointed out that our ability to understand the world around us is directly related to the tools at our disposal.  And, we now have an array of highly sophisticated tools that, when properly used, can help us make sense of all that complexity.  In particular, just like centuries ago telescopes enabled us to peer into the sky and better understand the universe and our role in it, information has now become a similar such tool, enabling us to now peer into our highly complex world and help us understand what is going on.

Innovation in Higher Education

A glance at the latest US employment figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics reveals sharp differences in unemployment rates by educational attainment: college degree or higher: 4.3%; associate degree or some college: 8.2%; high school graduates, no college: 9.6%; and no high school diploma: 14.3%.  Moreover, while the overall unemployment rate remains over 9 percent, a recent McKinsey report found that employers are having trouble filling specific positions because they could not find applicants with the right skills.  The report projects that if economic conditions improve, there will be a shortage of 1.5 million workers with college degrees by 2020, but a surplus of almost 6 million of workers with no high school degree.  It also projects a continuing shortage of workers with technical and health care skills not necessarily requiring a college degree.

Just about every such study points to a similar trend: for the foreseeable future, the US economy will need better educated workers with specific skill requirements.  Workers without a post-secondary education face a contracting set of job opportunities.  Those with higher educational attainments will be in the best position to obtain good jobs with good pay. 

Thus, we need to significantly increase the number of students receiving post-secondary education.  However, our colleges and universities, the very institutions to which the country should turn to help us address these increased educational demands, are facing problems of their own. Tuition costs have risen much faster than the rate of inflation and keep going up, thus making it harder for them to serve the students most in need of their services.  Many educational institutions are facing financial difficulties.  The financial crisis has been aggravating the situation, at both public and private institutions.  Government education budgets are under huge pressure at all levels, - local, state and national.

Incremental steps will not make much of a dent on the problem. We need to look at higher education through the lens of disruptive innovation, argues a report published last February, - Disrupting College: How Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Affordability to Postsecondary Education.  The report is written by Clayton Christensen, Michael Horn, Louis Caldera and Louis Soares.

The Limits of Meritocracy

In March of 2010, The Atlantic published an excellent article by Don Peck which painfully described the dire consequences of a long period of high unemployment on US society -  How a New Jobless Era will Transform America.  According to Peck, the consequences of prolonged unemployment are not only bleak but truly systemic in nature -  “a slow-motion social catastrophe.”  Joblessness is more devastating to families and communities than poverty, he wrote:

“The Great Recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably just beginning.  Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults.  It will leave an indelible imprint on many blue-collar men.  It could cripple marriage as an institution in many communities.  It may already be plunging many inner cities into a despair not seen for decades.  Ultimately, it is likely to warp our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years to come.”

Peck just published another very good article in the September 2011 issue of The Atlantic - Can the Middle Class be Saved?  In this article, his focus is on what he refers to as The Culling of the Middle Class:

“Arguably, the most important economic trend in the United States over the past couple of generations has been the ever more distinct sorting of Americans into winners and losers, and the slow hollowing-out of the middle class.  Median incomes declined outright from 1999 to 2009.  For most of the aughts, that trend was masked by the housing bubble, which allowed working-class and middle-class families to raise their standard of living despite income stagnation or downward job mobility.  But that fig leaf has since blown away.  And the recession has pressed hard on the broad center of American society.”

Job Creation and America's Future

This past June, the McKinsey Global Institute published one of the most comprehensive reports I have seen on the high unemployment and jobless recovery the US has been going through for the past few years - An Economy that Works: Job Creation and America’s Future.  The report is based on a McKinsey research study that surveyed 2,000 business leaders, conducted detail interviews with a number of human resource executives, examined in depth those sectors of the economy with the highest potential for growth, developed a number of detail scenarios for how the US employment picture might evolve into the future, and made several concrete recommendations on what the country should do to address our very serious unemployment issues.

Right at the beginning the report hits us in the face with a few statistics highlighted in big text that succinctly capture the job picture in 2011: US jobs have declined by 7 million since December 2007; 20% of men are not working today, up from 7% in 1970; there has been a 23% drop in new business creation since 2007; the jobless recovery is projected to last 60 months; 10% of Americans move annually, down from 20% in 1985.

The very next page uses the same big text format to summarize the very tough challenges the country faces: we need 21 million jobs by 2020 to return to full employment, - that is, to return to the 5% pre-recession unemployment level instead of the current level of over 9%; the job-growth scenarios modeled by McKinsey ranged from 9.3 to 22.5 million, so only their most optimistic high growth scenario gets us back to full employment; in 2020, there will likely be a 1.5 million shortage of college graduates in the workforce; even today, 40% of companies have had job openings for six months that they have not been able to fill due to lack of the proper skills; and 58% of employers said that they will hire more temporary and part-time workers.

“The United States faces an immediate challenge:,” the executive summary starts out saying, “finding employment for 7 million people still out of work from the 2008–09 recession and reviving robust job creation in the decade to come.  But simply employing a nation’s people is not enough. In a globalized, information-age economy, there is no more important economic priority than building a strong workforce.”

Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Large Metropolitan Areas

For several years now I have been thinking about the differences between various models of innovation and entrepreneurship.  In particular, I have been trying to understand the key differences between the innovation and entrepreneurship models that have worked so well in Silicon Valley, the Boston-Cambridge area and similar high-tech, VC-based regions, and the models that might be more applicable to large metropolitan areas like New York and London.

The Silicon Valley model has become the most prominent example of what it means to be a successful innovation hub.   Over the last few decades, it has been the leading region in the creation of new high-tech products and companies based on advanced digital technologies.  A number of regions around the world have tried to become the next Silicon Valley, hoping to develop the right ecosystem mixture, - including technologists, entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, - that will establish their region as a world class center of innovation.  Most such efforts have fallen short of their goals, - a number ending in outright failure. 

Why is that?  To begin with, most successful high-tech innovation hubs have been built around the great engineering universities in their midst - Stanford and UC Berkeley for Silicon Valley, and MIT for the Boston area.  Over the years, these regions have brought together and carefully nurtured a large and fluid community of technologists and, entrepreneurs who share ideas as they move from company to company - as founders, employees, managers, board members or investors.  They have achieved a remarkable network effect particularly suitable for high-tech innovation that give them an advantage in scale that is almost impossible to replicate.

Their university-based, high tech innovation model is particularly oriented toward finding The Next Big Thing, - that is, the next big technology, product or service that will take world markets by storm, transform whole industries, and in the process, create considerable wealth for their creators and investors.  They have been at the center of several waves of disruptive innovations and creative destruction over the past few decades, and will continue to do so into the future.

But, beyond a few niche areas, this is not a model of innovation and entrepreneurship generally suitable for a large metropolitan region like New York.  A model that would work for New York has to leverage the key strengths of the region.  Let me briefly discuss three such New York strengths in particular.

Job Creation and Entrepreneurship

The debt ceiling crisis was further evidence of the highly polarized state of US politics.  But, even as our federal government borders on the dysfunctional, one of the few areas where most everyone agrees, - politicians and citizens alike, - is that addressing our prolonged rate of high unemployment must be one of the nation’s highest priorities. 

An August 5 NY Times article reported the results of a recently concluded poll and observed:

“The debate over raising the debt ceiling, which brought the nation to the brink of default, has sent disapproval of Congress to its highest level on record [82%] and left most Americans [62%] saying that creating jobs should now take priority over cutting spending, according to the latest New York Times/CBS News Poll.”

Economists generally agree that our persistent high unemployment rate, - the longest such period since the Great Depression, - is primarily caused by a fundamental reshaping of the economy.  The US economy is undergoing structural changes driven to a large extent, by advances in information technologies, which have led to a resurgence in US labor productivity as well as to an increasingly integrated global economy.

Social Reputation in the Age of Globalization

Given my current university affiliations and teaching responsibilities, I spend quite a bit of time thinking how we should best train future leaders to help prepare them for the complex, volatile and unpredictable environments that they must learn to navigate.  Before the Internet brought the world much closer together, change propagated relatively slowly and often became attenuated and lost intensity before reaching other parts of a business and the economies and societies in which it operates.  Not so today.  In our increasingly integrated world, change now propagates much faster, and its impact will often lead to unexpected serious problems that a company’s leaders have to learn to deal with.

My own personal experience has been primarily with the impact of disruptive technologies and innovations on business.  Thus, my seminars and courses have generally focused on the management of technology-based business transformation, the transition to an information-intensive, knowledge-based economy and related areas.  But, beyond my core interests at the intersection of technology, management and complex systems, I have been thinking quite a bit about the central role of trust and reputation now plays, especially for highly visible global companies that are leaders in their industry.

Regardless of how it eventually comes out, the ongoing News Corporation scandal is a real time case study of the importance of trust and reputation to a powerful global company.  As we now know, for the last few years, employees of the British tabloid News of the World have been accused of hacking into the phones of celebrities, politicians and members of the British Royal Family in the pursuit of juicy, exclusive stories.  They have also been accused of bribing members of London’s Metropolitan Police Service. 

Few paid much attention to these allegations.  But then, the scandal went viral seemingly overnight and reached its current critical stage when early in July of 2011 it was revealed that the hacking extended to the phones of ordinary citizens, including a murdered school girl, relatives of deceased British soldiers and victims of the London bombings of July 7, 2005.  These latest revelations resulted in a public outcry in the UK against the News Corporation, its chairman and CEO Rupert Murdoch and other senior executives of the company.

Business Problems, Trust and Values

Like many who are not fans of the kind of journalism practiced by the News Corporation in its tabloids and cable news channels, I must admit to feelings of schadenfreude at their current problems in the UK as a result of the phone hacking and related scandals.  The scandal has already derailed their planned takeover of British Sky Broadcasting, led to the shutdown of News of the World, caused the resignation of a number of senior executives and the arrest of a few present and former News Corp employees. 

Given that the formal investigations are just starting, we don’t know how the UK scandal will evolve.  It is also possible that the scandal will reach across the Atlantic, given that the FBI is now launching its own  investigation as to whether similar phone hacking incidents took place in the US.  We have to wait to see how this incident will play over time, and what its impact will be on the News Corporation and its various media holdings around the world.

But, even at this early stage, it is instructive to look at the problems News Corp is going through, - one of the world’s most successful media conglomerates run by executives who are undoubtedly among the best and brightest in their industry, - and reflect how such powerful companies get into such serious trouble.  For me this is particularly interesting, given that organizational culture is one of the topics I often discuss in my university seminars.  In addition, just last month we celebrated IBM’s Centennial, and along with the many who have written articles on the subject, I kept asking myself: “why is IBM still alive and thriving after so long?”

Fixing the US Jobs Problem

Last week, I wrote about the recent work of Michael Spence, professor of economics at NYU’s Stern School of Business, professor and dean emeritus at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, and the recipient of the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics. 

In The Evolving Structure of the American Economy and the Employment Challenge, which was published in March of this year by the Council on Foreign Relations, Professor Spence and co-author Sandile Hlatshwayo, examined the impact of globalization over the last twenty years.  They divided the economy into two segments: tradable and nontradable.  They then looked at the trends in each segment by analyzing data from 1990 to 2008 from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.  Their analysis uncovered a tale of two very different economies. 

The tradable sector includes those parts of the economy most subject to global competition from foreign companies and suppliers, - e.g., manufacturing, energy, back-office services.  It significantly improved its value added per job or productivity, but had negligible incremental employment, primarily because a growing number of jobs have been moving offshore.  The nontradable sector, which includes those parts of the economy which must be produced and consumed locally, - e.g., government, health care, construction, - had virtually all the job growth during this period but significantly lower value-added.

As they wrote in the Executive Summary, the employment picture does not look good over the next several years, perhaps longer:

“Given the prospect of slowing employment growth in nontradables and rising competitive pressure on tradables, major employment problems in the near future are a certainty.  Even if the nontradable sector is able to continue to absorb the growth in the labor force, pressure on wages and salaries will be downward, and consequences for income distribution unavoidable.”

“To create jobs, contain inequality, and reduce the U.S. current-account deficit, the scope of the export sector will need to expand.  That will mean restoring and creating U.S. competitiveness in an expanded set of activities via heightened investment in human capital, technology, and hard and soft infrastructure. The challenge is how to do it most effectively.”

The Employment Challenge in the US Economy

A couple of years ago, McKinsey, the global management consulting firm, launched a new website called What Matters.  It asks a big question and invites a wide array of people to write essays giving their points of view on the topic.  In 2009, for example, What Matters addressed Innovation, and asked, Where will the world’s primary centers of innovation be?  I was invited to participate and contributed an essay, “What’s Next in the Knowledge Economy?”

Earlier this year I was once more invited to contribute an essay on the topic of Growth and Productivity, focused on the question: Has the US passed peak productivity growth?  I wrote “The next golden age of innovation”, which was posted last month.

A number of eminent economists also contributed essays on Growth and Productivity.  I was truly humbled to have my essay posted alongside theirs.

Two of the essays in the section revolve around recent work by Michael Spence to try to understand the reasons for the current jobless recovery in the US economy, a fairly unique situation where business conditions have significantly improved while unemployment remains high.  Professor Spence is the recipient of the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics.  He is currently in the faculty at  NYU’s Stern School of Business, as well as professor and dean emeritus of the Stanford Graduate School of Business.

The Modernization of the State

I spent the first week of June in Chile, my fourth visit in the last five years.  I was there at the invitation of Fernando Flores, President of the National Innovation Council for Competitiveness, to assist in the Modernization of the State initiative, one of the major projects in the administration of Chile’s President Sebastian Piñera. 
 
The Modernization of the State initiative is being led by Rafael Ariztia under the General Ministry of the Presidency.  It has four major objectives:

• Improve in the overall services that the government provides to all its users
• More effective and efficient government institutions
• Improve the effectiveness of government employees
• Facilitate the decentralization of the country

I first met Fernando Flores during a trip to Chile in August of 2006 to attend an international conference.  He was a Senator then, a position he held from March of 2002 until he was appointed by President Piñera to his present position in March of 2010.  We discovered that we had a lot of common interests and have since become friends.  I continued to meet with him during subsequent visits to Chile.  He knew about my strong interests in cloud computing, and last year I invited him to a briefing on the subject in IBM’s headquarters in Armonk, New York.

Flores has been very involved in the Modernization of the State initiative, both because of his position as president of the Innovation Council as well as his personal expertise in technology and management.  He holds a Ph D from UC Berkeley, has worked extensively in the fields of organizational leadership and human cognition, and written a number of books, including Understanding Computers and Cognition: a New Foundation for Design and Building Trust: in Business, Politics, Relationships and Life.

Flores feels that cloud computing has a major role to play in helping to achieve the objectives of the Modernization initiative.  We talked about his ideas earlier this year, which I thought were right on the mark.  He later invited me to assist in these efforts by coming to Chile for meetings with Rafael Ariztia and the key groups woking on the initiative, as well as to give a seminar explaining cloud computing and its potential to Chilean government officials.

The New Entrepreneurship: Back to the Roots of the American Dream

The latest figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics show that the US unemployment rate continues to hover around 9%.  Gallup’s measurements are somewhat higher at 9.2%.  When you add to the unemployment rate the percentage of Americans working part time but wanting full time work, you get an underemployment rate of 19.1%. 

The current period of high unemployment is the longest since the Great Depression.  There have been a number of ups and downs in the economy over the past sixty years.  But while unemployment went up during the down periods, within a relatively short time, the economy improved and the unemployment rates started to go down once, usually below 5%. 

Our current downturn seems fundamentally different from the recessions of past decades.  The continuing high rate of unemployment may well be due to a fundamental restructuring of society as we transition from the industrial economy of the past couple of centuries to an information-based economy.  As a result, many of the jobs lost in the downturn are not coming back as we have known them.

While the overall economy has started to recover, we are actually in a fairly unique situation: a jobless recovery.  Business conditions have significantly improved in the US while unemployment remains high.

Reflections of the Evolution of Capitalism

The Cold War was an era of military, political and economic conflicts between the communist world led by the Soviet Union, and the Western world, led by the US.  The two sides were also engaged in fierce debates about the merits of their key political and economic philosophies:  the communism and one-party states of the countries in the Soviet camp, versus the democracies, capitalism and market economies of the West.  These debates were settled by 1991 with the collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union.

China, Vietnam and other countries have one-party political systems ruled by their communist parties, but in the last couple of decades they have also embraced market economies.  Their economic systems look more like a kind of state capitalism, with the government behaving like one giant corporation, than anything resembling Soviet style communism.  For all practical purposes, only Cuba and North Korea have remained faithful to the highly centralized style of communism once practiced in the Soviet Union.  The sorry state of their economies speaks for itself.

Given that most countries around the world now have economies based on some form or another of capitalism and open markets, you would expect that the passionate ideological debates of the past are over.  Not so.  The economic debates in the US and many other countries are actually fiercer than ever, but they are taking place within the broad framework of capitalism.  Capitalism continues to evolve, and different people have their own ideas about how that should happen. 

There are many lenses through which to view the evolution of capitalism.  Let me offer my reflections on the topic through a few such lenses.

Reflections on the Transition to an Information Society

In the 1920s, Russian economist Nikolai Kondratiev observed that capitalist economies go through long term cycles of booms and depressions every 50 years or so.  These economic cycles became known as Kondratiev Waves.  More recently, Carlota Perez expanded on Kondratiev’s work, describing the central role of technological revolutions, disruptive innovations, and financial and production capital in these economic cycles.

Perez identified five such technology-based revolutions and economic cycles since the onset of the Industrial Revolution in 1771, the first one being the age of machines, factories and canals.  This was followed by the age of steam and coal, iron and railways starting in 1829; steel, electricity and heavy engineering in 1875; the age of oil, the automobile, and mass production in 1908; and our present age of digital technologies, information and telecommunications which Perez pegs as starting in 1971.

In each of these cycles, unrealistic expectations in the new disruptive technologies led to over-investments in new companies.  This eventually turned into unsustainable speculation, causing a financial bubble, which eventually crashed and resulted in a period of economic stagnation. 

In the past four cycles, once the impact of the financial bubble and economic stagnation worked themselves out, a golden age of innovation and production followed, where new paradigms based on the new technologies significantly transformed the economy and just about every single industry, as well as re-shaping the institutions of society, and the nature of work, government and even people’s personal lives.

But now,  given our jobless recovery and continuing slow growing economy in the US, we are pondering whether we are once more at the onset of a new golden age of innovation, or at the beginning of something different which will become known as The Great Stagnation.  While I am hopeful that technology, innovation and globalization will eventually lead to all kinds of new jobs, a much improved economy and a higher standard of living, none of us really knows which of these two scenarios will prevail in the future.

A Great Stagnation or a New Golden Age of Innovation?

Here is the way things are supposed to work.  Every 50 years or so, the world goes through a major technology-based economic revolution, - also known as Kondratiev Waves.  A new disruptive technology emerges out of the lab into the marketplace, becomes increasingly successful, gets embraced by entrepreneurs who start new businesses based on these new technologies, and begins to gain market share at the expense of the previous, slow moving market leaders.  These new ventures continue to attract more and more financial capital from investors, which in turn helps improve the quality and lowers the cost of the new disruptive technology and leads to many new innovative applications.     

But inevitably, the investments in new companies and applications turns into unsustainable speculation, leading to a financial bubble which eventually crashes. 

Then, after the crash, comes a time of institutional recomposition.  The now well accepted technologies become the norm.  New paradigms emerge for guiding innovation and for determining winners and losers in the marketplace.  Over time, these new paradigms significantly transform the economy and everything around it, as well as re-shaping social behavior and the institutions of society.  The previous decades of creative destruction now become a golden age of creative construction.

The MIT Forum on Future Cities

Last week I participated in a Forum on Future Cities hosted by MIT’s Senseable City Lab with support from the Rockefeller Foundation.  The Senseable City Lab was founded in 2004 by architect and engineer Carlo Ratti, who is a faculty member in MIT’s Department of Urban Studies and Planning.  Its key objective is to bring together the worlds of design and architecture with the worlds of technology and engineering, in order to understand and anticipate how digital technologies are changing the urban environment as well as their impact on people’s lives. 

The Forum on Future Cities attracted leading world thinkers from academia, industry and government to discuss the most pressing issues surrounding the large scale urbanization taking place all around us, and to explore how new mobile, smart technologies can contribute to help us better manage our rapidly growing cities.  The Forum included talks and panel discussions on a wide variety of subjects.  I moderated a session on Changing Research, which included six talks on new research ideas followed by a panel discussion.

My overriding impression of the Forum is the variety of skills and disciplines that are now coming together to study cities and urban systems in general.  Urban studies and planning has been a major area of human endeavor from time immemorial, ever since people started congregating in towns.  But, it does seem that in the last decade, the discipline has significantly expanded, for at least two main reasons.

The Future of the State

The March 19 issue of The Economist included a special report on The Future of the State.  In an excellent series of articles, the special report explains why the continuing growth of government is no longer sustainable, especially in the more advanced economies with aging populations like the US and Western Europe.  It highlights what some governments are doing to address the problem, especially Singapore and Britain.  Finally, the report offers a set of recommendations that governments might follow if they want to get a handle on the extremely complex and challenging problem of reforming the state.

“How to slim the state will become the great political issue of our times,” is the byline of its introductory article, Taming Leviathan.  “The state has kept on grabbing an ever larger share of the economy in the rich world for a century, and the state’s regulatory sweep has increased as well.”  The report includes a chart showing that the average government spending as a percentage of GDP in thirteen rich world countries went from 10.4% in 1870, to 28.8% in 1960, and 47.7% in 2009.     

“ . . . the forces driving this growth are powerful,” it writes, “but so are the reasons why it needs to be halted . . . there are pragmatic grounds now for politicians of all sorts to make the state more productive.  With ageing populations to care for, many rich-world governments are on course for bankruptcy - unless they raise taxes to levels that would wreck their economies.”

Why has government grown so much in these rich nations over the past century?  “Because, despite all that rhetoric from the tea-partiers, big government is not just the fault of self-interested bureaucrats and leftist politicians.  Conservative voters, even if they don’t like taxes, have kept on demanding that the state does more.  Just as the left has built hospitals, announced endless programmes to help the poor and indulged the teachers’ unions, the right has built prisons, announced wars on drugs and terror, and indulged generals, farmers and policemen.”

The Community Library in Our Emerging Knowledge Economy

In early March, I participated in a presentation and discussion on The Community Library in the 21st Century along with Maxine Bleiweis, the director of the Westport Public Library. 

Libraries have been an integral part of civilization from our earliest history, including ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome.  Greek and Roman scholars came to their libraries to discuss issues and learn from each other.

Free, open public libraries were first established in communities across the UK and the US in the second half of the 19th century.  Along with the rise of public schools during the same period, they were an important part of the transition from the agricultural to the emerging industrial economy which required a more literate, better educated work force.  

From the 1880s through the 1920s, almost 1700 public libraries were built in the US, through the philanthropic efforts of industrialist Andrew Carnegie.  His Carnegie Library Grants promoted community libraries for self-education, which was particularly important during a time when the US was absorbing large numbers of immigrants from around the world.

Complexity and Design in Warfare

On March 11 I participated in a workshop in Washington, - Design Unbound, - organized by The Highlands Forum.  The workshop explored how design-oriented approaches can help us better understand and deal with the very complex problems we are increasingly encountering in all aspects of business, economies, government, public policy, military operations and society in general.

The Highlands Forum is an informal, cross-disciplinary group sponsored by the Office of the US Secretary of Defense.  Its mission is to explore new ideas and emerging trends that will help support high-level Department of Defense (DoD) policy and strategy.  It was organized in 1994 by retired US Navy captain Richard O’Neill, who continues to serve as its leader. 

The Forum holds several meetings a year, each centered on a specific topic, mostly related to information technologies and their impact on society.  Experts from government, industry, academia, and a variety of professions are invited to discuss their ideas on the subject - to be part of a kind of strategic conversation.  Some of the areas explored by the Forum are emerging technologies, organizational development, economic competition, and the changing concept of security. 

Over the past few meetings the Forum has focused on various topics related to complex systems, - how to best understand and manage them in the present, as well as predict and shape their future directions.  In this recent meeting we discussed how to apply the concept of design to address such complex systems and problems.

A Time of Institutional Recomposition

There is little question that our economy, our society and just about all our institutions are going through major structural changes mostly caused by the digital technology revolution that has been all around us for the past several decades.  Such technology-based structural changes are not new.  In her 2002 book Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital:  The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages, scholar and writer Carlota Perez puts our own turbulent times into a clear, historical perspective.

According to Perez, over the past couple of centuries, we have had a technology revolution every 40 - 60 years, starting with the Industrial Revolution in 1771, which was characterized by the emergence of machines, factories and canals.  This was followed by the age of steam and coal, iron and railways which started in 1829; steel and heavy engineering (electrical, chemical, civil and naval) starting in 1875; and the age of the automobile in 1908.  Our present information technology and telecommunications age, whose starting point Perez pegs at 1971, is the fifth such major revolution in that span.

To better understand the dynamics of a technology revolution, we should split it into two different periods, each lasting 20 - 30 years.  The installation period is the time of creative destruction, when new technologies emerge from the lab into the marketplace, entrepreneurs start many new businesses based on these new technologies, and venture capitalists encourage experimentation with new business models and speculation in new money-making schemes.  Inevitably, this all leads to the kind of financial bubble and crash we are all quite familiar with from our recent experiences.

After the crash, comes the deployment period, the time of institutional recomposition.  The now well accepted technologies become the norm.  New paradigms emerge for guiding innovation and for determining winners and losers in the marketplace.  Over time, these new paradigms significantly transform the economy and everything around it, as well as re-shaping social behavior and the institutions of society.

The Co-Evolution of Humans and our Tools

Tools have played a critical role in human evolution for a very, very long time.  As the Tools entry in Wikipedia observes: 

“Tools are the most important items that the ancient humans used to climb to the top of the food chain; by inventing tools, they were able to accomplish tasks that human bodies could not, such as using a spear or bow and arrow to kill prey, since their teeth were not sharp enough to pierce many animals' skins . . . The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of agriculture around the 4th millennium BC.  Mechanical devices experienced a major expansion in their use in the Middle Ages with the systematic employment of new energy sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills). . . Machine tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the industrial revolution.  Advocates of nanotechnology expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.”

Beyond extending our physical capabilities, tools have played a major role in the evolution of our brain and mental powers:  “Using tools has been interpreted as a sign of intelligence, and it has been theorized that tool use may have stimulated certain aspects of human evolution - most notably the continued expansion of the human brain.”

Sleepovers, Collective Intelligence and Related Subjects

Amy Chua is an American born, ethnic Chinese professor at the Yale Law School.  She recently wrote a book, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother about her efforts to give her two daughters a traditional, strict Chinese upbringing.  She also published an article on January 8 in the Wall Street Journal, Why Chinese Mothers are Superior, summarizing her parenting philosophy:

“A lot of people wonder how Chinese parents raise such stereotypically successful kids.  They wonder what these parents do to produce so many math whizzes and music prodigies, what it's like inside the family, and whether they could do it too.  Well, I can tell them, because I've done it.  Here are some things my daughters, Sophia and Louisa, were never allowed to do: attend a sleepover; have a playdate; be in a school play; complain about not being in a school play; watch TV or play computer games; choose their own extracurricular activities; get any grade less than an A; not be the No. 1 student in every subject except gym and drama; play any instrument other than the piano or violin; not play the piano or violin.”

Professor Chua’s book and WSJ article attracted a lot of attention, with people arguing the pros and cons of the demanding Eastern parenting model with its emphasis on achievement, versus the permissive Western model that many would say emphasizes self-esteem instead of actual accomplishments.  Then, on January 17, NY Times columnist David Brooks jumped into the fray with his own take on the controversy in an OpEd with the provocative title: Amy Chua is a Wimp.

Brooks said that he had received many e-mails denouncing Chua’s strict parenting methods.  Her article and book play right into America’s fear of national decline, in particular the fear of being economically left behind by the much harder working Chinese.  But then he writes about Chua:  “I believe she’s coddling her children.  She’s protecting them from the most intellectually demanding activities because she doesn’t understand what’s cognitively difficult and what isn’t.”

Why Is Civil Discourse So Important - Yet So Difficult

In his remarks at the memorial service for the victims of the Tucson shooting, President Obama urged us to be more civil in our dealings with each other:

“The loss of these wonderful people should make every one of us strive to be better.  To be better in our private lives, to be better friends and neighbors and coworkers and parents.  And if, as has been discussed in recent days, their death helps usher in more civility in our public discourse, let us remember it is not because a simple lack of civility caused this tragedy - it did not - but rather because only a more civil and honest public discourse can help us face up to the challenges of our nation in a way that would make them proud.”

Why is civil discourse so difficult?  This is a very important question, dealing with the very essence of being human.  I think of it as a Darwinian-kind of question.  As this provocative Economist article – “Why we are, as we are” - from December of 2008 observed:  “For a Darwinian, life is about two things: survival and reproduction.”

Humans are social animals, and like all such animals, we are ill-equipped to survive on our own.  Our social impulses cause us to naturally gravitate toward forming communities to help us get the necessary survival strengths from each other.  But our evolution - or at least our history - has also channeled these social impulses into forms that are tribal.  That is, we affiliate with our own kind and against the others.

The Evolution of the World's Digital Payments Infrastructure II

In part I of this entry, I discussed  the need to significantly transform the world's digital payments infrastructure to support the emerging evolution toward univeral mobile digital money.  This transformation is a very complex an undertaking that will require significant research and innovation, and will likely play out over many years.  Let me summarize some of the key challenges and opportunities.  

Payment Hubs and Clouds

There is near universal agreement on the need for new payment hubs.  As McKinsey's Payment Hubs: Redefining the Industry’s Infrastructure observes:  “Banks are struggling to cope with transaction platforms that no longer serve their needs.  A legacy of silo IT architecture combined with the need for data integration is leading these institutions to investigate payments hubs as a solution.  There seems to be little consensus, however, as to what a payments hub is (even among those who are building them) and where it sits in the overall payments system.”

The study identifies three major kinds of consolidation or aggregation payment hubs.

The Evolution of the World's Digital Payments Infrastructure I

The huge success of the Internet and World Wide Web was made possible by the continuous advances in digital technologies over the past few decades.  The technology advances were absolutely necessary, - but not sufficient.  The underlying IT architecture supporting the new Web-based applications had to radically evolve as well in order to take advantage of the advances in technology.  And the organizational architecture of the private and public sector institutions that were embracing these new Web-based applications had to similarly change, in order to translate these technology advances into productivity and quality improvements.

Web applications typically run on a three tier IT architecture.  In tier one, users link to the Internet with their PCs, smartphones and other devices, and access the Web with their browsers and related software.  These tier one clients connect to the tier two http-based web servers, which process the browser requests, access tier three back-end systems as required, collect all the needed information and send it back to the clients.  Tier three comprises the different applications and information in back end systems, including mission critical transaction processing and data bases.

This three tier architecture has contributed greatly to the success of e-business solutions, by making it possible to quickly combine the standards, universal reach and connectivity of the Web-based systems in tiers one and two, with legacy and new applications, data bases and other back end resources in tier three.

As we now contemplate the evolution toward universal mobile digital money and smart digital wallets, I believe that we are facing major changes not unlike those that accompanied the advent of the Web and e-business, which will require similar technology, architecture and organizational innovations.  The need for privacy and security concerning money, credit cards and personal IDs requires a highly sophisticated IT infrastructure to support this transition.  Today’s payment systems and the organizations that operate them will need to significantly evolve in order to handle the combination of huge transactional volumes, very low costs and high degree of security, as well as compliance with the variety of financial regulations in countries around the world.

The Evolution of Money

In 2010, the BBC and the British Museum collaborated in a project called A History of the World.  The heart of the project was a BBC Radio program which focused on one hundred objects from the collection of the British Museum, around which you can tell the history of humanity over the past two million years.  That history is presented in a series of fifteen minute podcast about each of the objects, written and narrated by British Museum Director Neil MacGregor and broadcast over the BBC throughout the year.

The objects and podcasts are organized into a number of themes.  Money is one of the themes.  It is represented by four objects:

• one of the world’s first gold coins produced over 2500 years ago in Lydia, western Turkey, whose last king was Croesus, of rich as Croesus fame;
• a 1375 banknote from the Ming Dynasty, one of the world’s first paper banknotes;
• a silver coin minted in Bolivia in the late 16th Century; these were known as pieces of eight and used as the world's first global currency throughout the Spanish Empire;
• and a plastic credit card exemplifying the changing role of money in the modern world.

Money, as one of the podcasts observes, has been one of the great constants in human affairs, right up there with sex and war.  Money was not necessary when people lived in small communities where they knew and trusted their neighbors and could therefore exchange labor, food or goods in kind.  But the need for inventing money arose once civilization started to expand and people were dealing with strangers they may never see again and could not trust, as was the case in Lydia and neighboring communities a few thousand years ago.  Money has played a major role in the world ever since, giving rise to commerce and economies, enabling the organization of companies and public institutions, and helping communities become more productive and raise their standard of living.

Principles and Compromises

Last week I posted a blog focused on the tax deal between President Obama and Senate Republicans as a good example of political compromise, - bringing people together with widely different opinions in order to get something concrete done.  Such compromises are the essence of effective governance, especially in highly complex organization, whether in business or government.

Are there limits to compromise?  Are there times when our sense of right and wrong should guide our actions?  Are there occasions when principles should trump compromise?

Absolutely.

For example, in 1953 IBM President Thomas J. Watson, Jr. published the company's first equal opportunity policy letter - one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the landmark Civil Rights Act - which said:  “It is the policy of this organization to hire people who have the personality, talent and background necessary to fill a given job regardless of race, color or creed.”  And he put IBM’s money where his mouth was – writing to two Southern governors that IBM refused to adopt “separate but equal” policies, and that if those states didn’t like that, IBM would locate its plants elsewhere.

Another notable example is President Lyndon Johnson’s personal leadership in overcoming fierce southern resistance and convincing Congress to pass the aforementioned Civil Rights Act of 1964 as well as the Voting Rights Act of 1965.  President Johnson realized that his party was going to pay a huge price for his actions.  “We have lost the South for a generation,” he is alleged to have told an aide right after signing the 1964 Civil Rights Act.  He was only wrong in that support of civil rights has lost the South to the Democratic Party for far longer than one generation. 

Governance, Triangulation and Compromise

One of the most important qualities in good business leaders is organizational and social skills, that is, the ability to rally a diverse set of people to attack and solve the complex problems that all institutions face.  Wikipedia emphasizes this point in its definition of leadership  “ . . . as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task . . .” 

 Social leadership qualities are particularly important in today’s increasingly distributed organizations, where many, if not most of the people that leaders have to bring together do not work for them.  For example, a matrix organization led by a small team is often the most practical way to launch a new company-wide venture, especially one based on a disruptive innovation that doesn’t yet have a natural home within the existing organization.

Moreover, as enterprises increasingly rely on business partners for many functions once done in-house, one of the major organizational challenges is how best to manage the evolving virtual enterprise in such a distributed model.  Good business leaders thus have to be effective at managing their distributed operations across a network of interconnected companies - a veritable business ecosystem.  They must be able to have good working relationships with the people in these companies - some of whom might be competitors as well as partners - and be able to collaborate and compromise with them as appropriate.

Innovation in an Age of Austerity

On December 7 I participated in an Innovation Summit sponsored by the UK Innovation Research Centre (UK-IRC) at the University of Cambridge.  The UK-IRC is “a collaborative initiative for cutting-edge research and knowledge exchange activities on how innovation can make businesses more competitive, improve public services delivery and help the UK meet the social, environmental and economic challenges it faces.”  It is a joint venture between the Imperial College Business School and the Centre for Business Research in Cambridge.

The topic for this year’s annual Summit was Re-thinking the Impact of Innovation.  Its objective was to assess the economic impact of innovation activities by examining the experiences and best practices in the public and private sector.  Alan Hughes, director of the UK-IRC and professor of enterprise studies in Cambridge’s Judge Business School, gave an introductory address whose title said it all - Re-thinking Impact: Public and Private R&D in an Age of Austerity. 

Given the current economic conditions in the UK, the US and a number of other countries, there is increased pressure to develop effective methods to measure the impact of research and innovation investments on the economy.  He raised a number of critical questions.  How do you best measure such an impact - at an individual project; at a larger group like a lab, department or university; or at the national level?  Will such economic measurements lead to an over-emphasis on some disciplines at the expense of others?  Would it lead to greater pressure to meet short term goals rather than long term objectives?  And, how do you best predict the future impact of disruptive, new ideas?  Four different panels then proceeded to address these challenging questions through the day.

Smarter Cities Santiago

On November 23 I participated in IBM’s Smarter Cities Forum in Santiago, Chile.  The event brought together over 100 government, business and academic leaders from all parts of Chile, as well as many others from North America and Europe.  The Forum was hosted by IBM’s Chairman and CEO Sam Palmisano.

Why Santiago?  In his opening remarks, Sam answered this question: 

“Santiago is representative of the new urban future, both its opportunities and its challenges, that faces our planet.  In the early part of the twentieth century, Santiago had 500,000 inhabitants.  Today it has more than 5 million - or more than one-third of the nation’s total population.  This population growth has also translated into making Santiago the financial and commercial center of the country.  The metropolitan region generates 45 percent of GDP and nearly 50 percent of total household income in Chile.”

This is my third visit to the city in the last four years.  I can personally attest that Santiago is a great city, a medium sized truly global city, and  one of Latin America’s most modern metropolitan areas.  It has an extensive public transportation and highway system, an impressive high-rise architecture, great hotels and restaurants, excellent universities and a large skills base.

Along with the rest of Chile, the city enjoys a dynamic market-oriented economy, a democratic government, a positive investment environment and a high level of global trade.  It is not difficult to understand why Sam would pick Santiago as the first city in Latin America in which to personally host a Smarter Cities event.

The US Constitution: A Pantheon of (Sometimes Conflicting) Values

I recently saw a reference to a speech given at Harvard’s commencement in May of this year by David Souter.  Justice Souter served in the US Supreme Court from 1990 until he stepped down in June of 2009.  He was appointed by President George H. W. Bush and was expected to be a conservative-leaning justice, but over time he moved toward the center and was part of the more moderate-liberal wing of the court.

The Harvard commencement address is truly a lesson on why our short and relatively simple US Constitution, drafted more than 200 years ago, continues to be such a powerful document when properly interpreted and applied in our very different and continuously changing society.  I will quote extensively from his speech because I could not possibly come up with words as powerful and eloquent as his, but I urge you to read it here.

In simple language, Justice Souter explains why originalism, textualism and similar legal principles based on using the Constitution only to establish the fair reading or original meaning of its authors without imposing any additional interpretations just plainly do not work.  He directly addresses the “criticism that the court is making up the law, that the court is announcing constitutional rules that cannot be found in the Constitution, and that the court is engaging in activism to extend civil liberties.”

Bridging the Gap between Business and Government

My entire professional career has been spent in the private sector.  I worked at IBM for 37 years until I retired in June of 2007.  I now consult on innovation and technical strategy with IBM, Citigroup and other companies.  Through all this time, I have enjoyed my career in business, dealing with products and services and working with clients. 

But when I look back over the past forty years, some of my most rewarding times have been my involvement with government boards and committees.  From 1997 to 2002, for example, I was a member of the President’s IT Advisory Committee (PITAC), and served as co-chair of PITAC for part of that time.  After the 2008 elections, I was part of Barack Obama’s transition team, working in the Technology, Innovation and Government Reform (TIGR) group.  In the last two decades I have been involved with a number of Department of Energy initiatives and have served on the boards of Fermilab and Argonne National Lab.

Part of the reason I enjoy my government oriented activities is the idea of giving back to a country that embraced me as a refugee from Cuba fifty years ago and provided the financial support for my physics education in the 1960s.  But, there is also the pleasure of collaborating with experts from business, academia and government to jointly tackle some of the most important and complex problems facing the nation and the wider world.

As we know, the complexity of our problems is only increasing, and so is the need for even closer collaboration among business, government and academia.  Which is why the present conflicts - some call them war - between business and the Obama administration are so disconcerting.  At times, the rhetoric coming out of business and business publications is just plain ugly.

Living Through Times of Political Volatility

As I continue to reflect on the mood of the country and our recent wave election, I came across this excellent New York Times OpEd, Divided We Thrive, by author and journalist Jonathan Rauch.  His article puts forth the simplest and clearest explanation for the wild swings we have seen in recent elections: 

“In all three of the most recent earthshaking midterm elections - 1994, 2006 and now 2010 - the same candidate won: divided government.  That is not a coincidence.  In the last two decades, a strong and persistent pattern has emerged, one that will dominate our politics for some time to come, because it is rooted in two important political realities.  First, the public strongly prefers divided government.  Second, it has every reason to.”

Rauch writes that in 21 of the past 30 years we have had divided government, where one party controls the White House and the other controls the House, Senate or both.  The middle four years of George Bush’s presidency were the longest stint during that period when we did not have divided government, most likely because following the 9/11 terrorist attacks the country was unusually unified.  He points out: “Consistently, when either party, never mind which, obtains total control, its popularity collapses and the voters take the first available opportunity to bring in the other side.”

Reflections on the Mood of the Country

The US national mood seems to be going through wild swings every few years, as evidenced by the results of our recent elections.  After the 2004 elections, we were talking about the coming Republican hegemony.  Not only was President George Bush re-elected, but Republicans enjoyed comfortable majorities in both the House (231 - 200) and Senate (55 - 44).  This Republican hegemony lasted but two years, as the Democrats gained control of the House and Senate in 2006.

Then in 2008 we started talking about a whole new hegemony.  Barack Obama became President and the Democrats gained large majorities in the House (257 - 178) and Senate (60 - 40).  Once more, long term predictions turned out to be short lived.  Our just concluded 2010 wave election saw the Republicans re-gain control of the House (239 - 188), as well as gain 6 seats in the Senate and 9 governorships.

What’s going on out there?  According to CNN exit polls, the parties retained their base.  92% of registered Democrats and 95% of Republicans voted for their respective party candidate in the 2010 House races.  The figures were similar in the 2006 and 2008 elections when around 90% voted for House candidates of their own party. 

But when you look at independent voters unaffiliated with either party, the picture is radically different.  These same CNN polls show that in the 2006 House elections, independents voted 57% for Democrats and 39% for Republicans.  In 2010, the figures were just about reversed.  Independents voted 56% for Republican house candidates and 38% for Democrats.  These are really big swings.  Given that independents were more than a quarter of all voters in these elections, it totally explains why the Democrats took the House in 2006 and then lost it in 2010.

How to Restore the American Dream

Fareed Zakaria recently published a very good cover story in Time Magazine - How to Restore the American Dream - which was also the basis for a special edition of his CNN program Fareed Zakaria GPS.  Dr. Zakaria is a renowned journalist an author, and an astute observer of the vast economic and political changes taking place around the world.  Last June I heard him give an excellent talk at an IBM conference in Shanghai. 

The basic premise of the Time article and CNN special is that while the forces of technology and globalization helped lead America to the forefront of the world stage, they are now hollowing out America’s middles class.  The American Dream, - the possibility that anyone can get ahead and achieve success and prosperity through talent and hard work, - may well be disappearing.

Is the idea of the American Dream dead?  “For large swaths of America, it MAY be.  The national unemployment rate is 9.6% but that only tells a part of the story.  Millions of jobs have been lost in America.  The question is: how do we bring jobs - and GOOD jobs - back?”

Lessons from the Rescue of the Chilean Miners

I first visited Chile about 25 years ago, and have continued to do so from time to time, most recently in September of 2009 when I went to Santiago to join in the celebration of the 80th anniversary of IBM Chile.  I will return in a few weeks to participate in the Smarter Cities meeting that IBM is holding in Santiago on November 23.  Over the years, I have met, worked closely with, and established personal connections with a fair number of people in the country.

This personal connection added an extra dimension to my interest in the rescue of the 33 Chilean miners, although the rescue story has been so compelling that I am not sure anything extra was needed to capture my attention.  Along with a large portion of the world, I was transfixed by the rescue of the miners. Would everything work as planned?  What if something went horribly wrong as we were all watching on live television?  Disaster movies have taught us that just as you become confident and relaxed, things start going haywire.  Would that happen here?

Thankfully, everything went smoothly.  There was indeed a lot of drama, but it was all provided by the emotional reunion of the miners with their families as each reached the surface, as well as by the warm welcome they each received from everyone present, including Chilean president Sebastian Piñera and mining minister Laurence Golborne.  We held our breaths from the time the first miner, Florencio Ávalos started his ascent right before midnight (Chile time) on October 12, to the time the last one reached the surface less that 24 hours later, Luis Alberto Urzúa, their shift supervisor and overall leader.

A lot of the attention is now likely to focus on how the miners and their families deal with their new celebrity status and potential financial rewards.  Everyone agrees that while their fame may be lucrative, it will also be stressful.  There will be lots of opportunities for public appearances, press and TV interviews, and possible book and film deals.  Some will undoubtedly find their new fame too stressful and will yearn for their simpler lives as miners.

Leveraging Commercial Best Practices to Maximize Government Productivity

On October 6, the Technology CEO Council released its report One Trillion Reasons: How Commercial Best Practices to Maximize Productivity Can Save Taxpayer Money and Enhance Government Services.  The report identifes a set of recommendations aimed at reducing US government spending by one trillion dollars over the next decade.  The Council believes that their recommendations are actionable, proven ways of reducing the deficit, which are based on real-world expertise, information technologies and organizational practices that are already being successfully applied in the private sector.

A number of the CEOs involved in this study also met with senior White House and Federal Reserve economic officials to discuss their recommendations, which emphasize both the need to reduce the nation’s growing  deficit as well as laying a foundation for future innovation and growth. 

To quote from the report: “Our government has an opportunity to dramatically reduce spending and cut the deficit, while also improving its level of service to citizens.  By harnessing major technological shifts and adopting best business practices, we can not only make our government far more productive, but also foster greater innovation in areas ranging from healthcare to education and energy – innovation that will generate economic growth and job creation.

“We have seen this repeatedly over the past several decades in our own industry, and in the impact of new technology models across our economy and society.  Again and again, new capabilities have simultaneously reduced costs and sparked innovation.”

Reinventing Relationships

On September 16, I will join the IBM Lotus team in an event in New York City - Reinventing Relationships.  The event will explore how the Web, collaboration and social software "will transform - actually reinvent - how organizations relate to their customers, partners, employees and citizens through more compelling experiences.”

Once upon a time, new technologies were first deployed in large institutions - enterprises, universities and research labs, the military and civilian government agencies, - from which they eventually trickled down to the rest of the economy as their prices and complexity dropped.  Forty years ago, for example, the computer industry consisted primarily of expensive mainframes and supercomputers that only larger institutions could afford to buy and operate.

But, this trickle-down approach to technology diffusion dramatically reversed itself with the advent of inexpensive technologies, especially digital technologies.  As a result of the incredible advances in digital components and personal computing over the past thirty years, many new innovations are first emerging in consumer markets and among communities of experimental users, from which they eventually trickle-up into the worlds of business and government applications.  Besides personal computing, we have seen such consumer and user-driven innovations in cellular and smartphones, game players, Linux, and perhaps most prominently, with all kinds of innovations around the Internet and World Wide Web.